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Indigenous peoples in Venezuela, or Native Venezuelans, form about 1.5% of the total population of Venezuela,〔Van Cott (2003), "Andean Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Transformation: Venezuela in Comparative Perspective", ''Latin American Perspectives'' 30(1), p52〕 although many Venezuelans share some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are concentrated in the southern Amazon rainforest state of Amazonas, where they make up nearly 50% of the population,〔 and in the Andes of the western state of Zulia. The most numerous indigenous people, at about 200,000, is the Venezuelan part of the Wayuu (or Guajiro) people who primarily live in Zulia between Lake Maracaibo and the Colombian border.〔Richard Gott (2005), ''Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution'', Verso. p202〕 Another 100,000 or so indigenous people live in the sparsely populated southeastern states of Amazonas, Bolívar, and Delta Amacuro.〔 There are at least 26 indigenous groups in Venezuela, including the Ya̧nomamö, Pemon, Warao people, Baniwa people, Kali'na people, Motilone Barí, Ye'kuana,〔 and Yaruro. ==History== It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish Conquest; it may have been around a million people〔 and in addition to today's peoples included groups such as the Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, and Timoto-cuicas.〔Others include the Aragua and Tacariguas, from the area around Lake Valencia.〕 The number was much reduced after the Conquest, mainly through the spread of new diseases from Europe.〔Wunder, Sven (2003), ''(Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries )'', Routledge. p130.〕 There were two main north-south axes of pre-Columbian population, producing maize in the west and manioc in the east.〔 Large parts of the llanos plains were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture.〔 The indigenous peoples of Venezuela had already encountered crude oils and asphalts that seeped up through the ground to the surface. Known to the locals as ''mene'', the thick, black liquid was primarily used for medicinal purposes, as an illumination source, and for the caulking of canoes. Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela started in 1522, establishing its first permanent South American settlement in the city of Cumaná. The name "Venezuela" is said to derive from palafito villages on Lake Maracaibo reminding Amerigo Vespucci of Venice (hence "Venezuela", or "little Venice"). Indian caciques (leaders) such as Guaicaipuro (circa 1530–1568) and Tamanaco (died 1573) attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them. Historians agree that the founder of Caracas, Diego de Losada, ultimately put Tamanaco to death. Some of the resisting tribes or the leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas, Chacao, and Los Teques. The early colonial settlements focussed on the northern coast,〔 but in the mid-eighteenth century the Spanish pushed further inland along the Orinoco River. Here the Ye'kuana (then known as the Makiritare) organised serious resistance in 1775 and 1776.〔Gott (2005:203)〕 Under Spanish colonization, several religious orders established mission stations. The Jesuits withdrew in the 1760s, while the Capuchins found their missions of strategic significance in the War of Independence and in 1817 were brutally taken over by the forces of Simon Bolivar.〔 For the remainder of the nineteenth century governments did little for indigenous peoples, and they were pushed away from the country's agricultural centre to the periphery.〔 In 1913, during a rubber boom, Colonel Tomas Funes seized control of Amazonas's San Fernando de Atabapo, killing over 100 settlers. In the following nine years in which Funes controlled the town, Funes destroyed dozens of Ye'kuana villages and killed several thousand Ye'kuana.〔Gott (2005:204)〕〔See ''Los Hijos de La Luna: Monografia Anthropologica Sobre los Indios Sanema-Yanoama'', Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Arte, 1974〕 In October 1999 Pemon destroyed a number of electricity pylons constructed to carry electricity from the Guri Dam to Brazil. The Pemon argued that cheap electricity would encourage further development by mining companies. The $110 million project was completed in 2001.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indigenous peoples in Venezuela」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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